There are several "modes" of mining, depending on where and what you mine. The method is much the same for all of them: Activate a [[pickaxe]], right-click the place to mine and select Mining -> (action).
Remember that Wurm is a 2D world. The cave layer is essentially a second world beneath the surface world. It is possible to mine upwards and downwards as long as with a few limitations. You may not mine upward out of rock and into the dirt that is covering it. You can mine downward until you don't reach the surface or the water table, but can not mine deeper that one tile level below water level. However, it It is impossible also not possible to have one tunnel go above pass under or below over anotherwithout forming a vertical shaft. Each tile is essentially a pillar, so if two tunnels meet cross at different elevations they create a shaft going from the upper tunnel to the lower tunnel. This can be useful when done intentionally. It can also ruin your mine if unplanned. Planning your mine with an overhead view of your mine on graph paper can save you some heartache.
=== Surface excavation ===
The first step in all mines is to make a mine entrance on the surface. This can be done on any [[cliff]] or [[rock]] tile. Surface mining is fairly quick compared to tunnel and ore mining. After 51 mining actions, the message "You will soon create an entrance" will appear. A few actions later an entrance will be created. The exact value is random, averaging around 5mining actions after the message appears.
Surface excavation will produce [[rock shards]] on some actions. The probability seems to be around 25%.
=== Floor and ceiling mining ===
Mining the floor or ceiling of a cave does not create tunnels. Instead, it raises (for ceiling) or lowers (for floors) the cave. Note that as with [[digging]], these actions affect the closest corner of the tile, and not the tile itself. A ceiling tile can be mined upward approximately 40-50 times before it is too high to reach. A floor tile can be mined downward a maximum of ?? times. Excavating a new tile from a tile that has raised ceiling or lowered floor does not open at those levels. The new tile will be standard hight with the the ceiling and floor sloping as appropriate.
== Cave-ins ==